Cell therapy has been explored for its potential in treating male hypogonadism in adults. The disorder is characterized by low testosteronelevel and male sexual dysfunction. Although testosterone replacement therapy can help to alleviate symptoms, patients may suffer from side effects, such as an increased risk of cardiovascular disorders and prostate cancer. Novel approaches in regenerative medicine might pave the way for modern therapies that target on the etiology of the diseases instead of merely managing the symptoms. Preclinical studies have highlighted the potency of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from adipose tissue, bone marrow, and umbilical cord to enhance testosteronelevels and reduce damage of testicular tissues. Furthermore, stem Leydig cells derived from the testis and Leydig-like cells differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have also successfully restored low testosterone production, improved spermatogenesis, and alleviated testosterone deficiencysymptoms. Early-phase clinical trials have indicated that cell therapy is safe and may lead to significant improvements in testosterone levels and sexual health. This emerging field holds potential to improve patient outcomes but requires much attention to develop effective treatments for testosterone deficiency and male sexual dysfunction.
